Restraint of trade was used throughout the 1700s as a means to enforce restrictions on the practice of businesses in order to protect intellectual property. To understand how restraint of trade came about, and some of the implications of this important legislation, one must take a trip through time to 1711. A baker from St. Andrew Holborn, named Reynolds, decided to rent his business out to another man named Mitchel for a length of five years. The two men agreed to a small bond, which would become void if Reynold continued baking in St. Andrew Holborn. Reynold, understanding the terms of the bond to mean that he could not practice…

By Phin Upham A stock exchange is a place where multiple sellers are able to come together and exchange equities. Two components are necessary: a buyer and a seller. In today’s markets, there are two major exchanges, both based out of the United States: the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ. It’s important to understand that location played a large role in the development of both exchanges. NYSE was able to flourish because of its proximity to importing locations like the pier. The constant movement of goods made New York a prime center for commerce, and Wall Street was close enough to the action. The traditional image most people…

By Samuel Phineas Upham Edwin Cannan was an economist from Britain who wrote “The Wealth of Nations.” The book, published in 1904, helped to set the tone for what economists today call “the tragedy of commons.” Cannan was a professor at Oxford who inherited a fortune that allowed him time to be something of a professional philosopher. He dabbled around London, learning how the economy worked and how its individuals invested and profited from those workings. Cannan’s work didn’t draw much scrutiny during his lifetime. He’d attempted criticisms of Marshall and Keynes, but neither had really fallen on enthusiastic ears. He’d also written a host of works, none of which…

By Phineas Upham Born in New York City in 1956, Jamie Dimon was a third-generation stock broker who began his career working for Wells Fargo. It was at Wells Fargo that he worked under Sandy Weill, until personal differences drove the two apart. Dimon left Fargo to join Bank One, which would eventually merge with the firm known as JP Morgan Chase. Dimon’s ascension through the ranks of choice would culminate with position as CEO and as chairman of the board. Dimon was instrumental in a few important mergers and acquistions that have shaped the financial industry today. He helped integrate Smith Barney with Travelers Group. Dimon also helped in…

By Phineas Upham Porsche began as a motor vehicle development and consulting firm. Established in Austria in 1931, the company got its first big start helping to design the first Volkswagen car. Namely the Volkswagen Beetle, a design the company still uses today. In fact, the Beetle design was so groundbreaking that Porsche reused some of its components in designing the 1939 Porsche 64. When Volkswagen production shifted to the war economy, Porsche followed suit. He helped design heavy tanks, but his designs were never incorporated into the final product. Instead, the government settled on Henschel & Son’s Tiger I and Tiger II designs. Porsche did design the chassis for…

Believe it or not, installing artificial grass is not a very difficult process.  It can actually be a successful DIY project with the right equipment and knowledge.  Make sure to take all of these steps to get the best looking lawn possible:    Clear old grass or other plants: You will want to spray a weed killer or another product that will block natural grass form growing.  This is a great step to do days before installation.  You want to remove all weeds out of the way.  This process requires a weed barrier that will last anywhere from 15-25 years.    Install and level the base: You need to first…

Posted By: laundry-alternative.com Machines have been part of our daily lives, some we use daily while some we use at least once a week. Washers and dryers are one of the most common machines people use, it keeps our clothes clean and ready for use.  Although these machines makes our lives comfortable, many of us are still wary of continually using electronic clothes dryers because it adds up a huge sum on our monthly electricity expenditures. This is why many are now choosing a compact washing machine because it uses little to no electricity at all. Aside from virtually reducing our monthly bills, there are a lot many more benefits…

When considering undergoing major works on your home, it is important to get it right first time and to do the best job possible, which may mean employing General Contractors Los Angeles to get the job done properly. There are many dangers that can come from attempting to complete a task such as this on your own if you do not have any previous experience. Saving money attempting a DIY job can be fatal and end up costing more in the long run. Getting a professional Home Improvement Los Angeles team in, to carry out the work will leave you feeling confident and happy that the job will be completed…

Anniversaries and birthdays aren’t the only reason for sending flowers to someone. How about just to say “Thinking of You.” Flowers are a beautiful way to brighten a person’s day. If you have an elderly aunt, grandmother, or mother-in-law, just think of how much they would delight in receiving the unexpected gift of flowers. It would show them how much you care and be something they’d brag about to their friends for weeks. This is a wonderful time of year for sending flowers. In autumn, they have some of the most adorable flower arrangements to choose. There are Halloween themed bouquets with ghosts, pumpkins, or bats. If you’re not into…